In layman's terms, the role of a battery energy storage system is to store electrical energy and release it when needed. Large-scale energy storage systems can serve the power grid, which is called grid-side energy storage. For example, when power generation is greater than power consumption, it is first stored and then released when power consumption is tight, which is commonly known as "peak shifting and valley filling."

Why PCS is needed

Batteries generate electricity through chemical reactions, which produce direct current with a constant current direction, while the power grid transmits alternating current with a direction that changes at a certain frequency. Therefore, in the scenario of grid-side energy storage, charging and discharging batteries requires a conversion device, namely PCS, which can rectify the AC power of the grid into the DC power required by the battery when charging the battery, and can invert the DC power of the battery into the AC power required by the grid when discharging.

Why BMS is needed

Since the electric energy generated by the battery is through chemical reactions, we need to control the speed and stability of the reaction to ensure that the reaction can proceed stably and continuously. Therefore, it is necessary to manage and monitor the voltage, current, temperature, etc. of the battery. In addition, the battery cannot be overcharged or discharged, otherwise it is easy to explode and damage, so it is necessary to know the remaining power (SoC) of the battery. The system needs to monitor the Soc at all times to ensure that the battery is charged and discharged within a safe range, and it is necessary to evaluate the battery's state of health (SoH) to know when the battery should be maintained or replaced. In addition, the power and storage capacity of a single battery are limited. Large-scale energy storage requires single batteries to be connected in series or in parallel to provide the corresponding power and capacity. However, the SoC of each battery may be different. We call the low SoC a lagging battery. The capacity of the system will be restricted by the lagging battery, which is called the "barrel effect". In order to improve the working efficiency of the system, it is best to keep the consistency of the SoC of each battery as much as possible when charging and discharging the modules or monomers that make up the battery pack, which is the so-called "balance". This requires a measurement and control system, usually called a battery management system (BMS)

Why EMS is needed

As the scale of batteries increases, people hope to remotely monitor the status of batteries, PCS and other electrical equipment, and also hope to remotely control them, including controlling when to charge and discharge batteries according to certain strategies. This requires a system similar to the human brain, which can analyze the collected data and make corresponding decisions according to certain strategies. This system is the energy management system (EMS).

Therefore, taking lithium batteries as an example, the composition of a lithium battery energy storage system mainly includes battery packs, PCS, BMS, EMS and other electrical equipment.

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